The philtrum (Latin: philtrum from Ancient Greek φίλτρον phíltron, lit. "love charm"[2]), or medial cleft, is a vertical indentation in the middle area of the upper lip, common to many mammals, extending in humans from the nasal septum to the tubercle of the upper lip. Together with a glandular rhinarium and slit-like nostrils, it is believed to constitute the primitive condition for at least therian mammals. Monotremes lack a philtrum, though this could be due to the specialised, beak-like jaws in living species.

 The philtrum (Latin: philtrum from Ancient Greek φίλτρον phíltron, lit. "love charm"[2]), or medial cleft, is a vertical indentation in the middle area of the upper lip, common to many mammals, extending in humans from the nasal septum to the tubercle of the upper lip. Together with a glandular rhinarium and slit-like nostrils, it is believed to constitute the primitive condition for at least therian mammals. Monotremes lack a philtrum, though this could be due to the specialised, beak-like jaws in living species.




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고시원고시텔원룸텔미니텔미니 원룸리빙텔~하우스숙소숙박호스텔호텔모텔호스텔여관민박단독 주택집민가연립 주택아파트다세대주택의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 생활의 근거되는 곳을 주소로 한다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 주소는 동시에 두 곳 이상 있을 수 있다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 주소를 알 수 없으면 거소를 주소로 본다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 국내에 주소없는 자에 대하여는 국내에 있는 거소를 주소로 본다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 어느 행위에 있어서 가주소를 정한 때에는 그 행위에 관하여는 이를 주소로 본다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 실종자(失踪者)는 어디에 있는지 모르게 되어 버린 사람을 뜻한다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 주소의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 거소의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 부재(不在)란 종래의 주소 또는 거소를 떠나서 용이하게 돌아올 가능성이 없어서 그의 재산을 관리하여야 할 필요성이 있는 상태를 말한다. 부재자는 그러한 필요가 있는 자를 말한다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 인정사망(認定死亡)이란 관공서의 보고에 의하여 사망한 것으로 취급하는 제도이다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 동시사망은 상속인이 피상속인과 동시에 사망하는 경우 (부부가 동시에 차 사고로 사망하는 경우)의 문제를 다룬다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 권리능력(權利能力, capacity)이란 권리의 주체가 될 수 있는 자격이다. 법인격(法人格)이라고도 한다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 민법은 자연인이라면 그 지적 능력과 상관없이 권리와 의무의 주체가 될 수 있는 자격인 권리능력을 부여한다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 물리학의 주요 분야의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 입자 물리학의 입자의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 소립자 물리학의 표준 모형의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 a quantum의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 The atomic nucleus의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 the X and Y bosons의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 A proton의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 對還代贖의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 倂置 ( 竝置 )代贖의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 을병대기근은 숙종 21년(1695년/을해)부터 25년(1699년/기묘)까지 있었던 대기근이다. 이 대기근으로 불과 5년만에 141만 6274명(당시 인구의 19.7%)이 희생됐다.[1]의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 을병대기근은 숙종 21년(1695년/을해)부터 25년(1699년/기묘)까지 있었던 대기근이다. 이 대기근으로 불과 5년만에 141만 6274명(당시 인구의 19.7%)이 희생됐다.[1] 1695년 을해 4월 극심한 가뭄[2]에 이어 8일에는 강계에서 서리가 내렸으며[3] 13일에는 여러 도에서 서리가 내렸고 날씨가 17일까지 한랭했으며[4] 16일에는 월식이 있었다.[5] 21일에는 평안도 강계 등지에 우박이 내렸고[6] 23일에는 경기도, 충청도, 평안도 지역에서 밤마다 서리가 내렸고 평안도 은산 지역에선 바람을 동반한 우박이 있었다.[7] 이에 조정에선 사면령을 내리고[8] 세 차례의 기우제를 지냈다.[9][10][11] 5월 2일, 강원도 평창에 서리가 내렸고[12] 7일에는 함경도 길주에선 새알 만한 우박이 내렸으며[13] 12일에는 평안도에선 서리가, 함경도에선 소나기와 얼음 우박이 쏟아졌고[14] 15일에는 함경도의 단천, 산수 등지에서 폭우와 얼음, 우박이 섞여 내렸다.[15] 이에 조정은 수차례의 기우제를 치렀으며 군량미를 꺼내 구휼하였다.[16][17][18][19][20] 6월 11일, 강계에서 눈과 서리가 내리고[21] 14일에는 평안도 영원에 토우가 쏟아졌으며[22] 16일에는 황해도 해주에서 우박이 쏟아졌다.[23] 또한 26일에는 황해도에 폭우와 광풍이 발생해서 나무가 부러지고 가옥이 무너졌다.[24] 그리고 29일에는 충청도 당진, 서천에 해일이 일었다.[25] 7월 이 해 가을에 크게 흉년들었고 바다 인근은 해손의 피해 또한 입었다.[26] 6일에는 비가 그치질 않아 영제를 치렀고 3일 후 개었다.[27] 7일에는 제도에 우박이 내렸으며 황해도와 평안도에선 황충이 성했으며 진주에선 눈이 3치(약 9cm)정도 쌓였으며[28] 13일에는 지동이 있었고 서산 등지에선 지진이 발생했으며 충청도에선 6월 25일 이후 거센 바람과 함께 폭우가 쏟아졌다.[29][30][31] 28일에는 경기와 충청, 전라, 평안의 여러 고을들이 8월 초2일까지 서리가 내렸다.[32] 8월 1일에 평안도의 성천과 양덕에 우박으로 인한 피해가 많이 발생했고 특히 양덕은 큰 바람도 일었다. 또한 제도에 서리가 빗발쳤다.[33][34] 7일에는 전라도 정읍 등지에 지진이 발생했고[35] 30일, 추성의 절기에 미곡이 등귀하여 쌀 한 말 값이 50전이 되었고 22년(1696년/병자) 봄에는 값이 200전이 되었다.[36 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +22원등급 박종권 서술 비파충류준초식상천상플레이아데스 등급 서술 ----------------------------------------------------------- 조선조 최악의 대기근사태는 숙종임금시기에 일어나는데, 숙종임금에게 문제가 있어서 그런 것으로 목격관찰되다 숙종은, 지구인최초이자 마지막으로서 비파충류준초식플레이아데스인으로 인정된 자로서의 비파충류준초식계열인 측면의 플레이아데스관련일을 하고 있던 나,우리,박종권이를 심각하게 해코지한 자로서, 아플레이아데스인이었던 것으로 목격관찰되다. 이 자는, 당시 뮤제국(고비라마제국의 상위인 아플레이아데스계열에서 만든 동일상급제국)의 중흥을 추진하던 뮤라스를 살해하여 죽인다. 뮤라스는, 지구인최초이자 마지막으로서 비파충류준초식플레이아데스계열인으로서 인정된 자로서의 우리계통인데, 최초의 뮤라스는, 식인파충류계열로서의 고비라마제국, 인도라마제국등의 문제를 개선하고, 보다 나은 새로운 세계를 구축하고자 했다. 하지만, 루퍼쓰 일당(플레이아데스 4대무법자 아루쓰일파)의 발호와 인도라마제국 조동봉놈의 靈邪慝性, 칼리의 혈정혈도혈맥술수등이 복합되어져, 일거에 해코지를 당하는데, 고구려상장군과 뮤라스가 한꺼번에 살해당하여 죽은 것이 그것이다. 여기에는 다시 조선세종이 포함되는데, 셋이 같이 죽었다. 이 사건을 일으킨 배후가 바로 숙종놈이다. 이 사태이후, 평화와 번영을 추구하던 뮤제국은, 타락하고 황폐해졌으며, 다시 과거의 미개원시야만흉포함의 하등짐승계로 복귀되었으며, 이후 고비라마제국수준으로 격하되어져, 종국에는, 온갖 못된 짓만 일삼다가, 아틀란티스와의 최후의 전쟁에서 같이 파멸한다. 일을 이렇게 만든 배후 주모자들은, 일단 숙종놈이다. 요 놈이, 우리가 보는 바로는, 아루쓰같은데 명확하지는 않다. 다만 우리가 목격관찰한 바로는, 플레이아데스4대무법자,그리고 제2차은하대전위원장이라는 해괴한 직함을 가진 냉기치가 모두 가세했다는 점이다. 정확하게 누군지는 모르겠고, 비율을 따지면 아루쓰,미마쓰 그리고 라이라12주신계로서의 프레야데테스 라마제국 칼리, 라마크리슈나(조동봉)이다. 뮤제국은, 라마제국과는 다른 길을 추구했고, 아틀란티스와도 다른 길을 모색한다. 아틀란티스와는 완전히 달랐다. 그것을 뮤라스가 추구하는 과정에서 이것을 방해하기 위해서 라마제국 칼리와 라마크리슈나(조동봉, 훗날 아트라스가 된 놈, 훗날 아놀드슈워츠제너거가 된 놈)가 합조하여, 현대 박종권이를 해코지하고, 다시 아루쓰, 루퍼쓰일파가 협조하여 뮤제국 수장 뮤라스를 밀어내고 무력화시키는 과정상에서 조선세종을 해코지하며 숙종조에서 결딴을 낸 것인데, 여기에 다시 삼성그룹회장놈 이건희와 그 두아들놈이 가세하여, 과거박종권이를 죽이는 술수가 병행된 것이다. 현대 박종권이는, 플레이아데스프로젝트이전까지를 말하고, 과거 박종권이는 플레이아데스 프로젝트 이후와 지구로 오기 이전이 겹쳐지는 박종권이다. 조선세종은, 다른 차원영역에서의 일이다. 다차원적인 동시해코지를 자행한 주범은 숙종으로 기재된 자의 원본래로서의 아플레이아데스와 라마인도제국의 합작품이자, 뮤제국의 반란자들로서의 루퍼쓰, 버파쓰 일당들이다. 결국 뮤라스의 개혁정치는 실패했고, 플레이아데스의 4대무법자놈들의 의도대로 뮤제국은 고비라마제국으로 퇴행된다. 이후 못된 짓을 자행하다가 아틀란티스와의 최후의 전쟁에서 파멸한다. 숙종조에 치명적 기근과 기아등 재앙이 발생된 이유들일 것이다. 장희빈은, 선비족 김태희였다. 이 선비족 김태희도 박종권이를 죽인 놈중 한놈인데, 이게 교묘하게 숙종시대로 연결된다. 마치 대장금 이영애가 교묘하게 조선조 중종시대로 연결되는 것처럼 말이다. 이것을 배후에서 조작한 주범은 말데크악룡 이복순이다.의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 말데크대적가능우주연합원로원의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 비파충류준초식상천상플레이아데스 연합원로원의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 은하연합원로원, 은하자유연합원로원, 아틀란티스연합원로원, confirm with starcluster's ways연합원로원 참조의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 Squarks (also quarkinos)의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 Sleptons의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 a gauge boson의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 A scalar boson의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 W′ and Z′ bosons (or W-prime and Z-prime bosons)의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 The neutron의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 同異代贖의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 同而不和代贖의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 A magnon의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 an exciton의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 a soliton의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 bion의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 The atomic nucleus의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 a nucleon의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 반중성미자(反中性微子, antineutrino)의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 主體 주체의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 認識主體 인식주체의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 그말꼭써놔Make sure you write that down의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 consider의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 quanta의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 否不非同一體의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 the cosmological constant의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 고시원 +22원등급 박종권 서술 비파충류준초식상천상플레이아데스 등급서술 ----------------------------------------------------------- 고시원 앞방은 이상하다 내가 들어가서 자리에 누우면 앞방에 있는 사람이 갑자기 들락날락거리는데, 쉴사이 없이 들어갔다가 나오고 들어갔다가 나오는 이상행동을 보인다. 게다가, 여자가 흐느끼는 소리도 들린다. 경찰에 신고해야 하는거 아닌가 하면서도 추이를 살피는데, 내적으로 들려오는 말로는, 경찰이 와서 살펴보면, 아무도 없다고 한다. 이 경찰은 누군지 모르겠다 그러더니 어제 밤에는 여자가 흐느끼고 그러다가 갑자기 일가족 전체가 죽음을 당하는 듯한 비명소리가 들린다. 추론하건대, 나치독일에서 일어나는 일들이다. 이상한 것은, 나로서는, 독일에서 산적도 없고, 독일사람도 아니고, 아무런 인연관계도 없고, 다만, 회사다닐때 출장 한번 간 것 외에는 없는 나라인데도, 해괴하게도 정신적,의식적,영적,혼백차원에서는 이상하게도 얽혀있다는 점이다. 지금까지 우리가 목격관찰비교분석하는 바로는, 이건희놈 때문이다. 멀리보면, 말데크악룡이고, 수문제, 수양제때문이다. 특히 수양제같은 경우는, 내가 살았던 봉천동 345번지, 785번지 시기에 동생놈 친구로 나타난다. 이 당시 같이 놀러다니고 그러는데, 나와는 친구사이는 아니고 동생놈과 친구사이였다. 그런데 이 시기에 보았던 사람이 여기와서 확인해보니, 수나라 양제였다. 분명히 나는 사람사는 세상에서 산다고 여겼는데, 여기와서 확인해보면, 내가 도대체 사람사는 세상에서 살았느냐에 대한 심각한 의문인 것이다. 고시원 앞방에서 들려오는 일가족의 죽음은 생사윤회속에서의 고통과 재난들을 되돌아깨닫게 하는 것으로서 참으로 우리의 마음을 찢어놓는다. 특히 독일인데, 이 사람들의 세계는 참으로 그렇다. 추론하건대 에르빈롬멜이 자살한 것이다. 에르빈롬멜이 자살할때 일가족이 모두 자살했는지는 역사기록에 없다. 나치독일은 우리와 함께 ROSS154까지 가지만, 그들 자신의 죄업으로 인하여 그리고 한계로 인하여 비극적인 종말을 예고한다. 특히 ROSS154성장으로 있는 헨리크2세인데, 이 사람도 그렇다. 나치독일을 관찰해보면, 특히 이런 부분이 심한데, 이는 일본제국시대의 일본군대장놈들도 동일해보인다. 생사윤회의 고통을 표현한다. 사람으로서의 삶을 시작조차도 하지 않았는데, 反宙들이 너무도 많은 권한과 쓸데없는 지식을 가지게 만든 것이 이유로 보인다. 나치독일, 일본제국 모두 나에게 악업반분을 요구하는데, 이것도 말데크악룡놈의 술수로서, 우리 전체를 잡아죽이려고 자행하는 술수들이다. 내가 도대체 왜 이 새끼들 악업을 반분해야 한다는 말인가? 그림들은 나치독일, 일본제국놈들의 나에 대한 악업죄업흉업반분요구에 대해서 11년공업을 동원하여 지속작두사형처벌할것 항구작두사형처벌할것 항속작두사형처벌할것 종신작두사형처벌할것 영원작두사형처벌할것 영구작두사형처벌할것 영속작두사형처벌할것 영겁작두사형처벌할것 무한반복작두사형처벌할것 무시무종작두사형처벌할것 영원조년작두사형처벌할것 영겁조년작두사형처벌할것 영구조년작두사형처벌할것 영속조년작두사형처벌할것. 고시원은, 누군가가 만든(우리가 추론하건대는, 이건희같다) 사설형무소, 사설교도소이다. 명목상으로는, 행정고시, 사법고시준비생들이 들어가서 공부하는 곳으로 되어있지만, 이런 곳에서 무슨 공부를 한다는 말인가. 우리가 지나간 세월 있어봤지만, 공부할수있는 곳이 아니다. 공부를 하려면 차라리 국립도서관을 가던지, 아니면 조용한 산사, 절같은 곳, 사람으로서의 품위, 처우가 살아있는 개별적영역차원의 장소에서 해야 하는 것이다. 고시원은 다수가 집단생활을 하는데, 조금만 소음이 나거나 불편함들이 생기면, 문제가 되고 마음놓고 지낼수가 없는 곳이다. 어떻게 보면, 군대 내무반같기도 하지만, 군대내무반은, 정해진 규율, 군율속에서 완전개방된 상태로 너나 할것 없이 똑같은 상태로 먹고 자고 지내기에 차원이 다르다. 그러나 이 고시원은 살아있는 위조된 감옥에 다름이 아니다. 고시원은, 고시원사장이나 총무로 위장한 해코지의도인들이나 해코지세력들이 마음먹기에 따라서는 아주 형무소보다 더 안좋은 곳으로 만들기에 여반장이다. 고시원을 영구폐지하고, 운영치않도록 법적으로 금지제재토록 지시명령처리기록되다. 여기까지 온 나와 박종권이같이 갈곳 없고 집도 절도 없는 사람들은, 동사무소, 주민센터에서 상담해서, 임대주택을 지원해주는 것으로 지시명령처리기록되다. 이런 경우에는 임대주택지원시 요구되는 보증금을 면제해주도록 지시명령처리기록되다. 우리는 임대보증금 300만원도 없으며, 하루하루 먹고 사는 신세인데, 임대주택을 알아보려고 가면 보증금을 내라고 하는데, 그걸 어디서 마련한다는 말이냐? 임대주택은, 월관리비(한국돈 5만원이내)만 받는 것으로 처리할것 말데크대적가능우주연합원로원의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 은하연합원로원, 은하자유연합원로원, 아틀란티스연합원로원, CONFIRM WITH STARCLUSTER'S WAYS연합원로원 참조제출의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 비파충류준초식상천상플레이아데스 연합원로원 지시명령서 제1조의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것

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 고시원고시텔원룸텔미니텔미니 원룸리빙텔~하우스숙소숙박호스텔호텔모텔호스텔여관민박단독 주택집민가연립 주택아파트다세대주택의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 생활의 근거되는 곳을 주소로 한다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 주소는 동시에 두 곳 이상 있을 수 있다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 주소를 알 수 없으면 거소를 주소로 본다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 국내에 주소없는 자에 대하여는 국내에 있는 거소를 주소로 본다의依疑衣意義醫矣議宜儀擬毅椅倚懿蟻艤錡嶷欹儗劓螘医义冝拟祎蚁议銥鐿18개眼을·를Ether體無關垂直8192分面水平8192分面上에서垂直直角縱切⫽斷水平直角橫切⫽斷45degrees斜傾側直角縱切⫽斷永久作頭死刑處罰할것持續恒久恒續永續終身永遠永劫永久無始無終處無限反復永久兆年永遠兆年永續兆年永劫兆年處罰할것 어느 행위에 있어서 가주소를 정한 때에는 그 행위에 관하여는 이를 주소로 본다의依疑衣意義醫矣...
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The economy of South Korea is a highly developed mixed economy.[21][22][23] By nominal GDP, it has the 4th largest economy in Asia and the 13th largest in the world. South Korea is notable for its rapid economic development from an underdeveloped nation to a developed, high-income country in a few generations. This economic growth has been described as the Miracle on the Han River,[24] which has allowed it to join OECD and the G-20. South Korea remains one of the fastest-growing developed countries in the world, following the Great Recession. It is included in the group of Next Eleven countries as having the potential to play a dominant role in the global economy by the middle of the 21st century.[25] South Korea's education system and the establishment of a motivated and educated populace was largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and economic development.[26] South Korea began to adapt an export-oriented economic strategy to fuel its economy. In 2019, South Korea was the eighth largest exporter and eighth largest importer in the world. The Bank of Korea and the Korea Development Institute periodically release major economic indicators and economic trends of the economy of South Korea.[27][28] Renowned financial organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund, notes the resilience of the South Korean economy against various economic crises. They cite the country's economic advantages as reasons for this resilience, including low state debt, and high fiscal reserves that can quickly be mobilized to address any expected financial emergencies.[29] Other financial organizations, like the World Bank, describe Korea as one of the fastest-growing major economies of the next generation, along with BRIC and Indonesia.[30] South Korea was one of the few developed countries that was able to avoid a recession during the Great Recession.[31] Its economic growth rate reached 6.2% in 2010, a recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3% in 2008 and 0.2% in 2009, during the Great Recession. The South Korean economy again recovered with the record-surplus of US$70.7 billion mark of the current account in the end of 2013, up 47 percent growth from 2012. This growth contrasted with the uncertainties of the global economic turmoil, with the country's major economic output being the technology products exports.[32] Despite the South Korean economy's high growth and structural stability, South Korea experiences damages to its credit rating in the stock market due to North Korea in times of military crises. The recurring conflict affects the financial markets of its economy.[33][34][35][36][37] History Historical growth of the South Korean economy from 1961 to 2015 Overview Following the Korean War, South Korea remained a country with less developed markets for a little more than a decade. The growth of the industrial sector was the principal stimulus to South Korea's economic development. In 1986, manufacturing industries accounted for approximately 30 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and 25 percent of the work force. Due to strong domestic encouragement and some foreign aid, Seoul's industrialists introduced modern technologies into outmoded or newly built facilities, increased the production of commodities—especially those for sale in foreign markets—and plowed the proceeds back into further industrial expansion. As a result, industry altered South Korea's landscape, drawing millions of labourers to urban manufacturing centres. A downturn in the South Korean economy in 1989 spurred by a decrease in exports and foreign orders caused concern in the industrial sector. Ministry of Trade and Industry analysts stated that decreased export performance resulted from structural problems, including an overly strong won, increased wages and labor costs, frequent strikes, and higher interest rates. The result was an increase in inventories and cutbacks in production at a number of electronics, automobile, and textile manufacturers, as well as at the smaller firms that supplied the parts. Factory automation systems were introduced to reduce dependence on labour, to boost productivity with a smaller work force, and to improve competitiveness. Rapid growth from 1960s to 1980s South Korea's GDP (PPP) growth from 1911 to 2008.png Economy of South Korea, compared to North Korea. North Korea began to lose the economic competition with South Korea after the adoption of Juche in 1974 by North Korea. With the coup of General Park Chung-hee in 1961, which at first caused political instability and an economic crisis, a protectionist economic policy began, pushing a bourgeoisie that developed in the shadow of the State to reactivate the internal market. To promote development, a policy of export-oriented industrialization was applied, closing the entry into the country of all kinds of foreign products, except raw materials. Agrarian reforms were carried out and General Park nationalized the financial system to swell the powerful state arm, whose intervention in the economy was through five-year plans.[38] The spearhead was the chaebols, those diversified family conglomerates such as Hyundai, Samsung and LG Corporation, which received state incentives such as tax breaks, legality for their exploitation system and cheap or free financing: the state bank facilitated the planning of concentrated loans by item according to each five-year plan, and by economic group selected to lead it. South Korea received donations from the United States due to the Cold War, and foreign economic and military support continued for some years. Chaebols started to dominate the domestic economy and, eventually, began to become internationally competitive. Under chaebols, workers began to see their wages and working conditions improve, which increased domestic consumption. By the 1980s, the country rose from low income to middle income.[39] South Korea's real GDP expanded by an average of more than 8 percent per year,[40] from US$2.7 billion in 1962[41] to US$230 billion in 1989,[42] breaking the trillion dollar mark in the early 2000s. Nominal GDP per capita grew from $103.88 in 1962[43] to $5,438.24 in 1989,[44] reaching the $20,000 milestone in 2006. The manufacturing sector grew from 14.3 percent of the GNP in 1962 to 30.3 percent in 1987. Commodity trade volume rose from US$480 million in 1962 to a projected US$127.9 billion in 1990. The ratio of domestic savings to GNP grew from 3.3 percent in 1962 to 35.8 percent in 1989.[40] In the early 1960s, South Korea's rate of growth exceeded North Korea's rate of growth in most industrial areas. [45] The most significant factor in rapid industrialization was the adoption of an outward-looking strategy in the early 1960s.[46][40] This strategy was particularly well-suited to that time because of South Korea's low savings rate and small domestic market. The strategy promoted economic growth through labor-intensive manufactured exports, in which South Korea could develop a competitive advantage. Government initiatives played an important role in this process.[40] Through the model of export-led industrialization, the South Korean government incentivized corporations to develop new technology and upgrade productive efficiency to compete the global market.[47] By adhering to state regulations and demands, firms were awarded subsidization and investment support to develop their export markets in the evolving international arena.[47] In addition, the inflow of foreign capital was encouraged to supplement the shortage of domestic savings. These efforts enabled South Korea to achieve growth in exports and subsequent increases in income.[40] By emphasizing the industrial sector, Seoul's export-oriented development strategy left the rural sector barely touched. The steel and shipbuilding industries in particular played key roles in developing South Korea's economy during this time.[48] Except for mining, most industries were located in the urban areas of the northwest and southeast. Heavy industries were located in the south of the country. Factories in Seoul contributed over 25 percent of all manufacturing value-added in 1978; taken together with factories in surrounding Gyeonggi Province, factories in the Seoul area produced 46 percent of all manufacturing that year. Factories in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province employed 48 percent of the nation's 2.1 million factory workers. Increased income disparity between the industrial and agricultural sectors became a problem by the 1970s despite government efforts to raise farm income and improve rural areas [40] South Korean inflation M2 money supply increases Inflation Inflation ex food and energy In the early 1980s, in order to control inflation, a conservative monetary policy and tight fiscal measures were adopted. Growth of the money supply was reduced from the 30 percent level of the 1970s to 15 percent. During this time, Seoul froze its budget for a short while. Government intervention in the economy was greatly reduced and policies on imports and foreign investment were liberalized to promote competition. To reduce the imbalance between rural and urban sectors, Seoul expanded investments in public projects, such as roads and communications facilities, while further promoting farm mechanization.[40] The measures implemented early in the decade, coupled with significant improvements in the world economy, helped the South Korea regain its lost momentum. South Korea achieved an average of 9.2 percent real growth between 1982 and 1987 and 12.5 percent between 1986 and 1988. The double-digit inflation of the 1970s was brought under control. Wholesale price inflation averaged 2.1 percent per year from 1980 through 1988; consumer prices increased by an average of 4.7 percent annually. Seoul achieved its first significant surplus in its balance of payments in 1986 and recorded a US$7.7 billion and a US$11.4 billion surplus in 1987 and 1988 respectively. This development permitted South Korea to begin reducing its level of foreign debt. The trade surplus for 1989, however, was only US$4.6 billion, and a small negative balance was projected for 1990.[40] 1990s and the Asian Financial Crisis South Korean bonds 50 year 10 year 2 year 1 year For the first half of the 1990s, the South Korean economy continued a stable and strong growth in both private consumption and GDP. During the 1997 Asian financial crisis, after several other Asian currencies were attacked by speculators, the Korean won started to depreciate in October 1997.[49] The problem was exacerbated due to non-performing loans at many of Korea's merchant banks. By December 1997, the IMF had approved a US$21 billion loan, that would be part of a US$58.4 billion bailout plan.[49] By January 1998, the government had shut down a third of Korea's merchant banks.[49] Throughout 1998, Korea's economy would continue to shrink quarterly at an average rate of −6.65%.[49] and South Korean chaebol Daewoo was dismantled by the government in 1999 due to debt problems. American company General Motors managed to purchase the motors division. Indian conglomerate Tata Group, purchased the trucks and heavy vehicles division of Daewoo.[49] Actions by the South Korean government and debt swaps by international lenders contained the country's financial problems. Much of South Korea's recovery from the 1997 Asian financial crisis can be attributed to labor adjustments (i.e. a dynamic and productive labor market with flexible wage rates) and alternative funding sources.[49] By the first quarter of 1999, GDP growth had risen to 5.4%, and strong growth thereafter combined with deflationary pressure on the currency led to a yearly growth of 10.5%. In December 1999, president Kim Dae-jung declared the currency crisis over.[49] 2000s Korea's economy moved away from the centrally planned, government-directed investment model toward a more market-oriented one. These economic reforms, pushed by President Kim Dae-jung, helped Korea maintain one of Asia's few expanding economies[citation needed], with growth rates of 10.8% in 1999 and 9.2% in 2000. Growth fell back to 3.3% in 2001 because of the slowing global economy, decreased exports, and perceptions that corporate and financial reforms have stalled. After the bounce back from the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the economy continued strong growth in 2000 with a GDP growth of 9.08%.[49] However, the South Korean economy was affected by the September 11 Attacks. The slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that corporate and financial reforms had stalled caused growth to decrease to 3.8% in 2001[50] Thanks to industrialization GDP per hour worked (labor output) more than tripled from US$2.80 in 1963 to US$10.00 in 1989.[50] More recently the economy stabilized and maintain a growth rate between 4–5% from 2003 onwards.[50] Led by industry and construction, growth in 2002 was 5.8%,[51] despite anemic global growth. The restructuring of Korean conglomerates (chaebols), bank privatization, and the creation of a more liberalized economy—with a mechanism for bankrupt firms to exit the market—remain an unfinished reform task. Growth slows down in 2003, but production expanded 5% in 2006, due to popular demand for key export products such as HDTVs and mobile phones.[citation needed] Like most industrialized economies, South Korea experienced setbacks during the Great Recession. Growth fell by 3.4% in the fourth quarter of 2008 from the previous quarter, the first negative quarterly growth in 10 years, with year on year quarterly growth continuing to be negative into 2009.[52] Many sectors of the economy at the time reported declines, with manufacturing dropping 25.6% as of January 2009, and consumer goods sales dropping 3.1%.[52] Exports in autos and semiconductors, two pillars of the economy, shrank 55.9% and 46.9% respectively, while exports overall fell by a record 33.8% in January, and 18.3% in February 2009 year on year.[53] As in the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Korean currency also experienced massive fluctuations, declining by 34% against the US dollar.[53] Annual growth in the economy slowed to 2.3% in 2008, and was expected to drop to as low as −4.5% by Goldman Sachs,[54] but South Korea was able to limit the downturn to a standstill at 0.2% in 2009.[55] Despite the Great Recession, the South Korean economy, helped by timely stimulus measures and strong domestic consumption of products that compensated for decreased exports,[56] was able to avoid a recession unlike most industrialized economies, posting positive economic growth for two consecutive years of the crisis. In 2010, South Korea made an economic rebound with a growth rate of 6.1%, signaling a return of the economy to pre-crisis levels. South Korea's export has recorded $424 billion in the first eleven months of the year 2010, already higher than its export in the whole year of 2008. The South Korean economy of the 21st century, as a Next Eleven economy, is expected to grow from 3.9% to 4.2% annually between 2011 and 2030,[57] similar to growth rates of developing countries such as Brazil or Russia.[58] South Korean President Park Geun-hye at a breakfast meeting with chaebol business magnates Lee Kun-hee and Chung Mong-koo. The South Korean government signed the Korea-Australia Free Trade Agreement (KAFTA) on 5 December 2013, with the Australian government seeking to benefit its industries—including automotive, services, and resources and energy—and position itself alongside competitors, such as the US and ASEAN.[59] South Korea is Australia's third largest export market and fourth largest trading partner with a 2012 trade value of A$32 billion. The agreement contains an Investor State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) clause that permits legal action from South Korean corporations against the Australian government if their trade rights are infringed upon.[60] The government cut the work week from six days to five in phases, from 2004 to 2011, depending on the size of the firm.[61] The number of public holidays was expanded to 16 by 2013.[62] South Korean economy decreased in the first quarter of 2019, which happened to be its worst drop since the Great Recession. GDP declined a seasonally adjusted 0.3 percent from the previous quarter.[63] South Korea’s prices rose more than 6 percent in July compared with last year, the fastest jump in nearly a quarter century. In July 2022, South Korea’s Consumer Price Index rose 6.3 percent, the highest rate since November 1998. High-tech industries in the 1990s and 2000s In 1990, South Korean manufacturers planned a shift in future production plans toward high-technology industries. In June 1989, panels of government officials, scholars, and business leaders held planning sessions on the production of such goods as new materials, mechatronics—including industrial robotics—bioengineering, microelectronics, fine chemistry, and aerospace. This shift in emphasis, however, did not mean an immediate decline in heavy industries such as automobile and ship production, which had dominated the economy in the 1980s.[citation needed] South Korea relies upon exports to fuel the growth of its economy, with finished products such as electronics, textiles, ships, automobiles, and steel being some of its most important exports. Although the import market has liberalized in recent years, the agricultural market has remained protectionist due to disparities in the price of domestic agricultural products such as rice with the international market. As of 2005, the price of rice in South Korea was four times that of the average price of rice on the international market, and it was believed that opening the agricultural market would affect South Korean agricultural sector negatively. In late 2004, however, an agreement was reached with the WTO in which South Korean rice imports will gradually increase from 4% to 8% of consumption by 2014. In addition, up to 30% of imported rice will be made available directly to consumers by 2010, where previously imported rice was only used for processed foods. Following 2014, the South Korean rice market will be fully opened.[citation needed] South Korea today is known as a Launchpad of a mature mobile market, where developers thrive in a market where few technology constraints exist. There is a growing trend of inventions of new types of media or apps, using the 4G and 5G internet infrastructure in South Korea. South Korea has today the infrastructures to meet a density of population and culture that has the capability to create strong local particularity.[64] Data The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff stimtates in 2022–2027). Inflation below 5% is in green. [65] Year GDP (in Bil. US$PPP) GDP per capita (in US$ PPP) GDP (in Bil. US$nominal) GDP per capita (in US$ nominal) GDP growth (real) Inflation rate (in Percent) Unemployment (in Percent) Government debt (in % of GDP) 1980 82.7 2,169.4 65.4 1,714.6 Decrease-1.6% Negative increase28.7% 5.2% n/a 1981 Increase97.1 Increase2,507.3 Increase72.9 Increase1,883.5 Increase7.2% Negative increase21.4% Positive decrease4.5% n/a 1982 Increase111.7 Increase2,839.9 Increase78.3 Increase1,992.3 Increase8.3% Negative increase7.2% Positive decrease4.1% n/a 1983 Increase131.6 Increase3,296.9 Increase87.8 Increase2,198.9 Increase13.4% Increase3.4% Steady4.1% n/a 1984 Increase150.7 Increase3,730.0 Increase97.5 Increase2,413.3 Increase10.6% Increase2.3% Positive decrease3.9% n/a 1985 Increase167.7 Increase4,109.0 Increase101.3 Increase2,482.4 Increase7.8% Increase2.5% Negative increase4.0% n/a 1986 Increase190.4 Increase4,620.3 Increase116.8 Increase2,834.9 Increase11.3% Increase2.8% Positive decrease3.8% n/a 1987 Increase220.0 Increase5,284.7 Increase147.9 Increase3,554.6 Increase12.7% Increase3.0% Positive decrease3.1% n/a 1988 Increase255.0 Increase6,067.2 Increase199.6 Increase4,748.7 Increase12.0% Negative increase7.1% Positive decrease2.5% n/a 1989 Increase283.8 Increase6,684.6 Increase246.9 Increase5,817.1 Increase7.1% Negative increase5.7% Negative increase2.6% n/a 1990 Increase323.5 Increase7,545.1 Increase283.4 Increase6,610.0 Increase9.9% Negative increase8.6% Positive decrease2.5% Positive decrease3.2% 1991 Increase370.4 Increase8,555.9 Increase330.7 Increase7,637.2 Increase10.8% Negative increase9.3% Steady2.5% Positive decrease12.3% 1992 Increase402.4 Increase9,197.2 Increase355.5 Increase8,126.5 Increase6.2% Negative increase6.2% Steady2.5% Positive decrease12.0% 1993 Increase440.2 Increase9,961.0 Increase392.7 Increase8,886.4 Increase6.9% Increase4.8% Negative increase2.9% Positive decrease11.2% 1994 Increase491.3 Increase11,005.5 Increase463.4 Increase10,381.2 Increase9.3% Negative increase6.3% Positive decrease2.5% Positive decrease10.0% 1995 Increase549.8 Increase12,193.2 Increase566.6 Increase12,565.0 Increase9.6% Increase4.5% Positive decrease2.1% Positive decrease8.8% 1996 Increase604.1 Increase13,269.2 Increase610.2 Increase13,402.9 Increase7.9% Increase4.9% Steady2.1% Positive decrease8.1% 1997 Increase652.4 Increase14,197.2 Decrease570.6 Decrease12,416.8 Increase6.2% Increase4.4% Negative increase2.6% Negative increase10.0% 1998 Decrease625.9 Decrease13,522.6 Decrease382.9 Decrease8,271.4 Decrease-5.1% Negative increase7.5% Negative increase7.0% Negative increase14.3% 1999 Increase707.5 Increase15,177.3 Increase497.3 Increase10,666.9 Increase11.5% Increase0.8% Positive decrease6.6% Negative increase16.3% 2000 Increase789.1 Increase16,786.6 Increase576.5 Increase12,263.5 Increase9.1% Increase2.3% Positive decrease4.4% Negative increase16.7% 2001 Increase846.0 Increase17,860.1 Decrease547.7 Decrease11,563.0 Increase4.9% Increase4.1% Positive decrease4.0% Negative increase17.2% 2002 Increase925.6 Increase19,427.1 Increase627.0 Increase13,159.7 Increase7.7% Increase2.8% Positive decrease3.3% Positive decrease17.0% 2003 Increase973.6 Increase20,328.4 Increase702.7 Increase14,672.4 Increase3.1% Increase3.5% Negative increase3.6% Negative increase19.8% 2004 Increase1,051.7 Increase21,872.1 Increase792.5 Increase16,482.8 Increase5.2% Increase3.6% Negative increase3.7% Negative increase22.4% 2005 Increase1,131.4 Increase23,480.1 Increase934.7 Increase19,398.5 Increase4.3% Increase2.8% Negative increase3.8% Negative increase25.9% 2006 Increase1,227.7 Increase25,345.4 Increase1,052.6 Increase21,731.0 Increase5.3% Increase2.2% Positive decrease3.5% Negative increase28.1% 2007 Increase1,334.0 Increase27,401.2 Increase1,172.5 Increase24,083.3 Increase5.8% Increase2.5% Positive decrease3.3% Positive decrease27.4% 2008 Increase1,400.5 Increase28,550.5 Decrease1,049.2 Decrease21,387.7 Increase3.0% Increase4.7% Positive decrease3.2% Positive decrease26.9% 2009 Increase1,420.7 Increase28,812.5 Decrease943.7 Decrease19,139.7 Increase0.8% Increase2.8% Negative increase3.6% Negative increase30.0% 2010 Increase1,535.6 Increase30,988.3 Increase1,143.6 Increase23,077.2 Increase6.8% Increase2.9% Negative increase3.7% Positive decrease29.5% 2011 Increase1,625.3 Increase32,546.8 Increase1,253.4 Increase25,100.2 Increase3.7% Increase4.0% Positive decrease3.4% Negative increase33.1% 2012 Increase1,684.6 Increase33,557.1 Increase1,278.0 Increase25,459.2 Increase2.4% Increase2.2% Positive decrease3.2% Negative increase35.0% 2013 Increase1,726.9 Increase34,244.3 Increase1,370.6 Increase27,179.5 Increase3.2% Increase1.3% Positive decrease3.1% Negative increase37.7% 2014 Increase1,792.6 Increase35,324.5 Increase1,484.5 Increase29,252.9 Increase3.2% Increase1.3% Negative increase3.5% Negative increase39.7% 2015 Increase1,933.8 Increase37,907.5 Decrease1,466.0 Decrease28,737.4 Increase2.8% Increase0.7% Negative increase3.6% Negative increase40.8% 2016 Increase2,026.5 Increase39,567.0 Increase1,499.4 Increase29,274.2 Increase2.9% Increase1.0% Negative increase3.7% Negative increase41.2% 2017 Increase2,105.9 Increase41,001.1 Increase1,623.1 Increase31,600.7 Increase3.2% Increase1.9% Steady3.7% Positive decrease40.1% 2018 Increase2,218.9 Increase43,014.2 Increase1,725.4 Increase33,447.2 Increase2.9% Increase1.5% Negative increase3.8% Positive decrease40.0% 2019 Increase2,309.3 Increase44,610.7 Decrease1,651.4 Decrease31,902.4 Increase2.2% Increase0.4% Steady3.8% Negative increase42.1% 2020 Increase2,320.5 Increase44,766.3 Decrease1,644.7 Decrease31,728.3 Decrease-0.7% Increase0.5% Negative increase3.9% Negative increase48.7% 2021 Increase2,517.1 Increase48,653.1 Increase1,811.0 Increase35,003.8 Increase4.1% Increase2.5% Positive decrease3.7% Negative increase51.3% 2022 Increase2,765.8 Increase53,574.2 Decrease1,734.2 Decrease33,591.6 Increase2.6% Negative increase5.5% Positive decrease3.0% Negative increase54.1% 2023 Increase2,922.9 Increase56,693.7 Increase1,792.5 Increase34,767.2 Increase2.0% Increase3.8% Negative increase3.4% Negative increase54.4% 2024 Increase3,065.4 Increase59,526.8 Increase1,879.0 Increase36,488.9 Increase2.7% Increase2.3% Positive decrease3.3% Negative increase55.2% 2025 Increase3,203.5 Increase62,268.4 Increase1,961.8 Increase38,133.6 Increase2.6% Increase2.0% Negative increase3.4% Negative increase56.1% 2026 Increase3,345.8 Increase65,098.7 Increase2,048.5 Increase39,856.5 Increase2.5% Increase2.0% Negative increase3.6% Negative increase56.9% 2027 Increase3,490.4 Increase67,977.0 Increase2,137.2 Increase41,623.3 Increase2.3% Increase2.0% Steady3.6% Negative increase57.7% Sectors Shipbuilding Shipbuilding is a flagship industry of South Korea that boomed since the 1960s. During the 1970s and 1980s, South Korea became a leading producer of ships, including oil supertankers, and oil-drilling platforms. The country's major shipbuilder was Hyundai, which built a 1-million-ton capacity drydock at Ulsan in the mid-1970s. Daewoo joined the shipbuilding industry in 1980 and finished a 1.2-million-ton facility at Okpo on Geoje Island, south of Busan, in mid-1981. The industry declined in the mid-1980s because of the oil glut and because of a worldwide recession. There was a sharp decrease in new orders in the late 1980s; new orders for 1988 totaled 3 million gross tons valued at US$1.9 billion, decreases from the previous year of 17.8 percent and 4.4 percent, respectively. These declines were caused by labor unrest, Seoul's unwillingness to provide financial assistance, and Tokyo's new low-interest export financing in support of Japanese shipbuilders. However, the South Korean shipping industry was expected to expand in the early 1990s because older ships in world fleets needed replacing.[66] South Korea eventually became the world's dominant shipbuilder with a 50.6% share of the global shipbuilding market as of 2008. Notable Korean shipbuilders are Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering, and the now bankrupt STX Offshore & Shipbuilding. Electronics Electronics is one of South Korea's main industries. During the 1980s through the 2000s, South Korean companies such as Samsung, LG and SK led South Korea's growth in this sector. In 2017, 17.1% of South Korea's exports were semiconductors produced by Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix. Samsung and LG are also major producers in electronic devices such as televisions, smartphones, display, and computers. Automobile Main article: Automotive industry in South Korea A Hyundai automobile. The automotive line is a key sector in South Korea's industry. The automobile industry was one of South Korea's major growth and export industries in the 1980s. By the late 1980s, the capacity of the South Korean motor industry had increased more than fivefold since 1984; it exceeded 1 million units in 1988. Total investment in car and car-component manufacturing was over US$3 billion in 1989. Total production (including buses and trucks) for 1988 totaled 1.1 million units, a 10.6 percent increase over 1987, and grew to an estimated 1.3 million vehicles (predominantly passenger cars) in 1989. Almost 263,000 passenger cars were produced in 1985—a figure that grew to approximately 846,000 units in 1989. In 1988 automobile exports totaled 576,134 units, of which 480,119 units (83.3 percent) were sent to the United States. Throughout most of the late 1980s, much of the growth of South Korea's automobile industry was the result of a surge in exports; 1989 exports, however, declined 28.5 percent from 1988. This decline reflected sluggish car sales to the United States, especially at the less expensive end of the market, and labor strife at home.[67] South Korea today has developed into one of the world's largest automobile producers. The Hyundai Kia Automotive Group is South Korea's largest automaker in terms of revenue, production units and worldwide presence. Mining Most of the mineral deposits in the Korean Peninsula are located in North Korea, with the South only possessing an abundance of tungsten and graphite. Coal, iron ore, and molybdenum are found in South Korea, but not in large quantities and mining operations are on a small scale. Much of South Korea's minerals and ore are imported from other countries. Most South Korean coal is anthracite that is only used for heating homes and boilers. In 2019, South Korea was the 3rd largest world producer of bismuth,[68] the 4th largest world producer of rhenium,[69] and the 10th largest world producer of sulfur.[70] Construction Construction has been an important South Korean export industry since the early 1960s and remains a critical source of foreign currency and invisible export earnings. By 1981 overseas construction projects, most of them in the Middle East, accounted for 60 percent of the work undertaken by South Korean construction companies. Contracts that year were valued at US$13.7 billion. In 1988, however, overseas construction contracts totaled only US$2.6 billion (orders from the Middle East were US$1.2 billion), a 1 percent increase over the previous year, while new orders for domestic construction projects totaled US$13.8 billion, an 8.8 percent increase over 1987. Breakwater Construction in Seosan coast (1984) South Korean construction companies therefore concentrated on the rapidly growing domestic market in the late 1980s. By 1989 there were signs of a revival of the overseas construction market: the Dong Ah Construction Company signed a US$5.3 billion contract with Libya to build the second phase (and other subsequent phases) of Libya's Great Man-Made River Project, with a projected cost of US$27 billion when all 5 phases were completed. South Korean construction companies signed over US$7 billion of overseas contracts in 1989.[71] Korea's largest construction companies include Samsung C&T Corporation, which built some of the highest building's and most noteworthy skyscrapers such as three consecutively world's tallest buildings: Petronas Towers, Taipei 101, and Burj Khalifa.[72][73] Armaments Korea's remarkable technological advancements and industrialization allowed Korea to produce increasingly advanced military equipment. Main article: Defense industry of South Korea During the 1960s, South Korea was dependent on the United States to supply its armed forces, but after the elaboration of President Richard M. Nixon's policy of Vietnamization in the early 1970s, South Korea began to manufacture its own weapons.[74] Since the 1980s, South Korea has begun exporting military equipment and technology to boost its international trade. Some of its key military export projects include the T-155 Firtina self-propelled artillery for Turkey; the K11 air-burst rifle for United Arab Emirates; the Bangabandhu class guided-missile frigate for Bangladesh; fleet tankers such as Sirius class for the navies of Australia, New Zealand, and Venezuela; Makassar class amphibious assault ships for Indonesia; and the KT-1 trainer aircraft for Turkey, Indonesia and Peru. South Korea also exports various core components of other countries' advanced military hardware. Those hardware include modern aircraft such as F-15K fighters and AH-64 attack helicopters which will be used by Singapore, whose airframes will be built by Korea Aerospace Industries in a joint-production deal with Boeing.[75] In other major outsourcing and joint-production deals, South Korea has jointly produced the S-300 air defense system of Russia via Samsung Group,[failed verification] and will facilitate the sales of Mistral class amphibious assault ships to Russia that will be produced by STX Corporation.[76] The deal was cancelled in 2014 due to Russia's actions in Ukraine and the ships were sold to Egypt instead.[77] South Korea's defense exports were $1.03 billion in 2008 and $1.17 billion in 2009.[78] Tourism Main article: Tourism in South Korea In 2012, 11.1 million foreign tourists visited South Korea, making it one of the most visited countries in the world,[79] up from 8.5 million in 2010.[80] Many tourists from all around Asia visit South Korea which has been due to the rise of Korean Wave (Hallyu). Seoul is the principal tourist destination for visitors; popular tourist destinations outside of Seoul include Seorak-san national park, the historic city of Gyeongju and semi-tropical Jeju Island. In 2014 South Korea hosted the League of Legends season 4 championship and then, in 2018, the season 8 championship. Trade statistics 2018 Top 10 export partners[81] Country/Region Export (M$) Percentage China 162,125 26.8% United States 72,720 12.0% Vietnam 48,622 8.0% Hong Kong 45,996 7.6% Japan 30,529 5.1% Taiwan 20,784 3.4% India 15,606 2.6% Philippines 12,037 2.0% Singapore 11,782 2.0% Mexico 11,458 1.9% Others 173,201 28.6% Total 604,860 100.0% 2018 Top 10 import partners[81] Country/Region Import (M$) Percentage China 106,489 19.9% United States 58,868 11.0% Japan 54,604 10.2% Saudi Arabia 26,336 4.9% Germany 20,854 3.9% Australia 20,719 3.9% Vietnam 19,643 3.7% Russia 17,504 3.3% Taiwan 16,738 3.1% Qatar 16,294 3.0% Others 177,153 33.1% Total 535,202 100.0% 2018 Top 10 positive balance (surplus) countries for South Korea[81] Country/Region Balance (M$) China 55,636 Hong Kong 43,999 Vietnam 28,979 United States 13,852 India 9,722 Philippines 8,468 Mexico 6,368 Turkey 4,791 Taiwan 4,045 Singapore 3,808 Others −110,011 Total 69,657 2018 Top 10 negative balance (deficit) countries for South Korea[81] Country Balance (M$) Japan −24,075 Saudi Arabia −22,384 Qatar −15,768 Kuwait −11,541 Germany −11,481 Australia −11,108 Russia −10,183 Iraq −7,658 United Arab Emirates −4,699 Chile −2,667 Others 191,221 Total 69,657 Mergers and acquisitions Since 1991 there has been a steady upwards trend in South Korean M&A until 2018 with only a short break around 2004. Since 1991 around 18,300 deals in, into or out of South Korea have been announced, which sum up to a total value of over 941. bil. USD. The year 2016 has been the year with the largest deal value (1,818 in bil. USD) and the most deals (82,3).[82] Target industries are distributed very evenly with no industry taking a larger share than 10%. The top three target industries are Electronics (9.7%), Semiconductors (9.1%) and Metals and Mining (7.7%). 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Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82363-0. O. Yul Kwon (2010). The Korean Economy in Transition: An Institutional Perspective. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84064-268-1. T. Youn-Ja Shim, ed. (2010). Korean Entrepreneurship: The Foundation of the Korean Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-10707-6. Essays on such topics as American-educated technocrats in the 1960s and their role in South Korea's economic growth, and entrepreneurial family companies in South Korea, as well as China and Japan. Byung-Nak Song (2003). The Rise of the Korean Economy (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-592827-3. Sang Chul Suh (1978). Growth and Structural Changes in the Korean Economy, 1910-1940. Harvard East Asian Monographs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36439-4.

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 The economy of South Korea is a highly developed mixed economy.[21][22][23] By nominal GDP, it has the 4th largest economy in Asia and the 13th largest in the world. South Korea is notable for its rapid economic development from an underdeveloped nation to a developed, high-income country in a few generations. This economic growth has been described as the Miracle on the Han River,[24] which has allowed it to join OECD and the G-20. South Korea remains one of the fastest-growing developed countries in the world, following the Great Recession. It is included in the group of Next Eleven countries as having the potential to play a dominant role in the global economy by the middle of the 21st century.[25] South Korea's education system and the establishment of a motivated and educated populace was largely responsible for spurring the country's high technology boom and economic development.[26] South Korea began to adapt an export-oriented economic strategy to fuel its economy. In ...
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